# The Stata Blog » Vector autoregressions in Stata (2022)

Introduction

In a univariate autoregression, a stationary time-series variable $$y_t$$ can often be modeled as depending on its own lagged values:

\begin{align}
y_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 y_{t-1} + \alpha_2 y_{t-2} + \dots
+ \alpha_k y_{t-k} + \varepsilon_t
\end{align}

When one analyzes multiple time series, the natural extension to the autoregressive model is the vector autoregression, or VAR, in which a vector of variables is modeled as depending on their own lags and on the lags of every other variable in the vector. A two-variable VAR with one lag looks like

\begin{align}
y_t &= \alpha_{0} + \alpha_{1} y_{t-1} + \alpha_{2} x_{t-1}
+ \varepsilon_{1t} \\
x_t &= \beta_0 + \beta_{1} y_{t-1} + \beta_{2} x_{t-1}
+ \varepsilon_{2t}
\end{align}

Applied macroeconomists use models of this form to both describe macroeconomic data and to perform causal inference and provide policy advice.

In this post, I will estimate a three-variable VAR using the U.S. unemployment rate, the inflation rate, and the nominal interest rate. This VAR is similar to those used in macroeconomics for monetary policy analysis. I focus on basic issues in estimation and postestimation. Data and do-files are provided at the end. Additional background and theoretical details can be found in Ashish Rajbhandari’s [earlier post], which explored VAR estimation using simulated data.

Data and estimation

(Video) Stata Tutorial: Vector Auto-Regression in Stata

When writing down a VAR, one makes two basic model-selection choices. First, one chooses which variables to include in the VAR. This decision is typically motivated by the research question and guided by theory. Second, one chooses the lag length. Heuristics may be used, such as “include one year worth of lags”, or there are formal lag-length selection criteria available. Once the lag length has been determined, one may proceed to estimation; once the parameters of the VAR have been estimated, one can perform postestimation procedures to assess model fit.

I use quarterly observations on the U.S. unemployment rate, rate of consumer price inflation, and short-term nominal interest rate from 1955 to 2005. The three series were downloaded from the Federal Reserve Economic Database at https://fred.stlouisfed.org. In the Stata output that follows, the inflation rate is referred to as inflation, the unemployment rate as unrate, and the interest rate as ffr (federal funds rate). Hence, the VAR I will estimate is
\begin{align}
\begin{bmatrix}
{\bf inflation}_t \\ {\bf unrate}_t \\ {\bf ffr}_t
\end{bmatrix}
=
{\bf a_0}
+
{\bf A_1}
\begin{bmatrix}
{\bf inflation}_{t-1} \\ {\bf unrate}_{t-1} \\ {\bf ffr}_{t-1}
\end{bmatrix}
+
\dots
+
{\bf A_k}
\begin{bmatrix}
{\bf inflation}_{t-k} \\ {\bf unrate}_{t-k} \\ {\bf ffr}_{t-k}
\end{bmatrix}
+
\begin{bmatrix}
\varepsilon_{1,t} \\ \varepsilon_{2,t} \\ \varepsilon_{3,t}
\end{bmatrix}
\end{align}
$${\bf a_0}$$ is a vector of intercept terms and each of $${\bf A_1}$$ to $${\bf A_k}$$ is a $$3 \times 3$$ matrix of coefficients. VARs with these variables, or close analogues to them, are common in monetary policy analysis.

The next step is to decide on a sensible lag length. I use the varsoc command to run lag-order selection diagnostics.

. varsoc inflation unrate ffr, maxlag(8) Selection-order criteria Sample: 41 - 236 Number of obs = 196 +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ |lag | LL LR df p FPE AIC HQIC SBIC | |----+----------------------------------------------------------------------| | 0 | -1242.78 66.5778 12.712 12.7323 12.7622 | | 1 | -433.701 1618.2 9 0.000 .018956 4.54796 4.62922 4.74867 | | 2 | -366.662 134.08 9 0.000 .010485 3.95574 4.09793 4.30696* | | 3 | -351.034 31.257 9 0.000 .009801 3.8881 4.09123 4.38985 | | 4 | -337.734 26.6 9 0.002 .009383 3.84422 4.1083 4.4965 | | 5 | -319.353 36.763 9 0.000 .008531 3.7485 4.07351 4.5513 | | 6 | -296.967 44.77* 9 0.000 .007447* 3.61191* 3.99787* 4.56524 | | 7 | -292.066 9.8034 9 0.367 .007773 3.65373 4.10063 4.75759 | | 8 | -286.45 11.232 9 0.260 .008057 3.68826 4.1961 4.94265 | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------+ Endogenous: inflation unrate ffr Exogenous: _cons

varsoc displays the results of a battery of lag-order selection tests. The details of these tests may be found in help varsoc. Both the likelihood ratio test and Akaike’s information criterion recommend six lags, which I use through the rest of this post.

With variables and lag length in hand, there are two objects to estimate: the coefficient matrices and the covariance matrix of the error terms. Coefficients can be estimated by least squares, equation by equation. The covariance matrix of the errors may be estimated from the sample covariance matrix of the residuals. var performs both tasks.

The table of coefficients is displayed by default, and the covariance estimate of the error terms can be found in the stored result e(Sigma):

. var inflation unrate ffr, lags(1/6) dfk smallVector autoregressionSample: 39 - 236 Number of obs = 198Log likelihood = -298.8751 AIC = 3.594698FPE = .0073199 HQIC = 3.97786Det(Sigma_ml) = .0041085 SBIC = 4.541321Equation Parms RMSE R-sq F P > F----------------------------------------------------------------inflation 19 .430015 0.9773 427.7745 0.0000unrate 19 .252309 0.9719 343.796 0.0000ffr 19 .795236 0.9481 181.8093 0.0000---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------inflation | inflation | L1. | 1.37357 .0741615 18.52 0.000 1.227227 1.519913 L2. | -.383699 .1172164 -3.27 0.001 -.6150029 -.1523952 L3. | .2219455 .1107262 2.00 0.047 .0034489 .440442 L4. | -.6102823 .1105383 -5.52 0.000 -.8284081 -.3921565 L5. | .6247347 .1158098 5.39 0.000 .3962065 .8532629 L6. | -.2352624 .0719141 -3.27 0.001 -.3771708 -.093354 | unrate | L1. | -.4638928 .1386526 -3.35 0.001 -.7374967 -.1902889 L2. | .6567903 .2370568 2.77 0.006 .1890049 1.124576 L3. | -.271786 .2472491 -1.10 0.273 -.759684 .2161119 L4. | -.4545188 .2473079 -1.84 0.068 -.9425328 .0334952 L5. | .6755548 .2387697 2.83 0.005 .2043893 1.14672 L6. | -.1905395 .136066 -1.40 0.163 -.4590393 .0779602 | ffr | L1. | .1135627 .0439648 2.58 0.011 .0268066 .2003187 L2. | -.1155366 .0607816 -1.90 0.059 -.2354774 .0044041 L3. | .0356931 .0628766 0.57 0.571 -.0883817 .1597678 L4. | -.0928074 .0620882 -1.49 0.137 -.2153263 .0297116 L5. | .0285487 .0605736 0.47 0.638 -.0909816 .1480789 L6. | .0309895 .0436299 0.71 0.478 -.0551055 .1170846 | _cons | .3255765 .1730832 1.88 0.062 -.0159696 .6671226-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------unrate | inflation | L1. | .0903987 .0435139 2.08 0.039 .0045326 .1762649 L2. | -.1647856 .0687761 -2.40 0.018 -.3005019 -.0290693 L3. | .0502256 .064968 0.77 0.440 -.0779761 .1784273 L4. | .0919702 .0648577 1.42 0.158 -.036014 .2199543 L5. | -.0091229 .0679508 -0.13 0.893 -.1432106 .1249648 L6. | -.0475726 .0421952 -1.13 0.261 -.1308366 .0356914 | unrate | L1. | 1.511349 .0813537 18.58 0.000 1.350814 1.671885 L2. | -.5591657 .1390918 -4.02 0.000 -.8336363 -.2846951 L3. | -.0744788 .1450721 -0.51 0.608 -.3607503 .2117927 L4. | -.1116169 .1451066 -0.77 0.443 -.3979565 .1747227 L5. | .3628351 .1400968 2.59 0.010 .0863813 .639289 L6. | -.1895388 .079836 -2.37 0.019 -.3470796 -.031998 | ffr | L1. | -.022236 .0257961 -0.86 0.390 -.0731396 .0286677 L2. | .0623818 .0356633 1.75 0.082 -.0079928 .1327564 L3. | -.0355659 .0368925 -0.96 0.336 -.1083661 .0372343 L4. | .0184223 .0364299 0.51 0.614 -.0534651 .0903096 L5. | .0077111 .0355412 0.22 0.828 -.0624226 .0778449 L6. | -.0097089 .0255996 -0.38 0.705 -.0602247 .040807 | _cons | .187617 .1015557 1.85 0.066 -.0127834 .3880173-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------ffr | inflation | L1. | .1425755 .1371485 1.04 0.300 -.1280603 .4132114 L2. | .1461452 .2167708 0.67 0.501 -.2816098 .5739003 L3. | -.0988776 .2047683 -0.48 0.630 -.502948 .3051928 L4. | -.4035444 .2044208 -1.97 0.050 -.8069291 -.0001598 L5. | .5118482 .2141696 2.39 0.018 .0892262 .9344702 L6. | -.1468158 .1329922 -1.10 0.271 -.40925 .1156184 | unrate | L1. | -1.411603 .2564132 -5.51 0.000 -1.917585 -.9056216 L2. | 1.525265 .4383941 3.48 0.001 .660179 2.39035 L3. | -.6439154 .4572429 -1.41 0.161 -1.546195 .2583646 L4. | .8175053 .4573517 1.79 0.076 -.0849893 1.72 L5. | -.344484 .4415619 -0.78 0.436 -1.21582 .5268524 L6. | .0366413 .2516297 0.15 0.884 -.459901 .5331835 | ffr | L1. | 1.003236 .0813051 12.34 0.000 .8427961 1.163676 L2. | -.4497879 .1124048 -4.00 0.000 -.6715968 -.2279789 L3. | .4273715 .1162791 3.68 0.000 .1979173 .6568256 L4. | -.0775962 .114821 -0.68 0.500 -.3041731 .1489807 L5. | .259904 .1120201 2.32 0.021 .0388542 .4809538 L6. | -.2866806 .0806857 -3.55 0.000 -.445898 -.1274631 | _cons | .2580589 .3200865 0.81 0.421 -.3735695 .8896873------------------------------------------------------------------------------. matlist e(Sigma) | inflation unrate ffr-------------+--------------------------------- inflation | .1849129 unrate | -.0064425 .0636598 ffr | .0788766 -.09169 .6324

The output of var organizes its results by equation, where an “equation” is identified with its dependent variable: hence, there is an inflation equation, an unemployment equation, and an interest rate equation. e(Sigma) holds the covariance matrix of the estimated residuals from the VAR. Note that the residuals are correlated across equations.

As you might expect, the table of coefficients is rather long. Not including the constant terms, a VAR with $$n$$ variables and $$k$$ lags will have $$kn^2$$ coefficients; our 3-variable, 6-lag VAR has nearly 60 coefficients that are estimated with only 198 observations. The options dfk and small apply small-sample corrections to the large-sample statistics that are reported by default. We can glance down the table of coefficients, standard errors, t statistics, and p-values, but it is not immediately informative to look at the coefficients on individual covariates in isolation. Because of this, many applied papers do not even report the table of coefficients; instead, they report some postestimation statistics that are (hopefully) more informative. The next two sections will explore two common postestimation statistics that are used to assess VAR output: Granger causality tests and impulse–response functions.

Evaluating the output of a VAR: Granger causality tests

(Video) (Stata13): VECM Estimation, Discussion and Diagnostics #var #vecm #causality #granger #wald

A variable $$x_t$$ is said to “Granger-cause” another variable $$y_t$$ if, given the lags of $$y_t$$, the lags of $$x_t$$ are jointly statistically significant in the $$y_t$$ equation. For example, the interest rate Granger-causes unemployment if lags of the interest rate are jointly statistically significant in the unemployment equation. The vargranger postestimation command performs a battery of Granger causality tests.

. quietly var inflation unrate ffr, lags(1/6) dfk small. vargranger Granger causality Wald tests +------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Equation Excluded | F df df_r Prob > F | |--------------------------------------+---------------------------------| | inflation unrate | 3.5594 6 179 0.0024 | | inflation ffr | 1.6612 6 179 0.1330 | | inflation ALL | 4.6433 12 179 0.0000 | |--------------------------------------+---------------------------------| | unrate inflation | 2.0466 6 179 0.0618 | | unrate ffr | 1.2751 6 179 0.2709 | | unrate ALL | 3.3316 12 179 0.0002 | |--------------------------------------+---------------------------------| | ffr inflation | 3.6745 6 179 0.0018 | | ffr unrate | 7.7692 6 179 0.0000 | | ffr ALL | 5.1996 12 179 0.0000 | +------------------------------------------------------------------------+

As before, equations are distinguished by their dependent variable. For each equation, vargranger tests for the Granger causality of each variable in the VAR individually, then tests for the Granger causality of all added variables jointly. Consider the Granger causality tests for the unemployment equation. The row with “ffr excluded” tests the null hypothesis that all coefficients on lags of the interest rate in the unemployment equation are equal to zero, against the alternative that at least one is not equal to zero. The p-value of 0.27 does not fall below the typical statistical significance threshold of 0.05; hence, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that lags of the interest rate do not affect the unemployment rate. With this model and these data, the interest rate does not Granger-cause unemployment. By contrast, in the interest rate equation, lags of both inflation and unemployment are statistically significant and can be said to Granger-cause the interest rate.

The “all excluded” row for each equation excludes all lags that are not the autocorrelation coefficients in an equation; it is a joint test for the significance of all lags of all other variables in that equation. It may be considered a test between a purely autoregressive specification (null) against the VAR specification for that equation (alternate).

You can replicate the results of the Granger causality tests by running ordinary least squares on each equation and using test with the appropriate null hypothesis:

. quietly regress unrate l(1/6).unrate l(1/6).ffr l(1/6).inflation. test l1.inflation=l2.inflation=l3.inflation > =l4.inflation=l5.inflation=l6.inflation=0 ( 1) L.inflation - L2.inflation = 0 ( 2) L.inflation - L3.inflation = 0 ( 3) L.inflation - L4.inflation = 0 ( 4) L.inflation - L5.inflation = 0 ( 5) L.inflation - L6.inflation = 0 ( 6) L.inflation = 0 F( 6, 179) = 2.05 Prob > F = 0.0618. test l1.ffr=l2.ffr=l3.ffr=l4.ffr=l5.ffr=l6.ffr=0 ( 1) L.ffr - L2.ffr = 0 ( 2) L.ffr - L3.ffr = 0 ( 3) L.ffr - L4.ffr = 0 ( 4) L.ffr - L5.ffr = 0 ( 5) L.ffr - L6.ffr = 0 ( 6) L.ffr = 0 F( 6, 179) = 1.28 Prob > F = 0.2709

The results of a “manual” Granger causality test match the results from vargranger.

Evaluating the output of a VAR: Impulse responses

The second set of statistics often used to evaulate a VAR is to simulate some shocks to the system and trace out the effects of those shocks on endogenous variables. But remember that the shocks were correlated across equations,

. matlist e(Sigma) | inflation unrate ffr-------------+--------------------------------- inflation | .1849129 unrate | -.0064425 .0636598 ffr | .0788766 -.09169 .6324

and it is ambiguous to talk about a “shock” to, say, the inflation equation when the error terms are correlated across equations.

One approach to this problem is to suppose that there are underlying structural shocks $$\bf{u}_t$$, which are (by definition) uncorrelated, and that these shocks are related to the reduced-form shocks via the following relationship:

(Video) STATA를 활용한 시계열분석 - (52) VARMA 모형(Vector Autoregressive Moving Average Model)

\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_t &= {\bf A} {\bf u}_t \\
E(\bf{u}_t \bf{u}_t’) &= \bf{I}
\end{align*}

If we denote the covariance matrix of the error terms by $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$$, then the $$\bf{A}$$ matrix is linked to $$\boldsymbol{\Sigma}$$ via

\begin{align*}
\boldsymbol{\Sigma} &= E(\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}_t
\boldsymbol{ \varepsilon}_t’) \\
&= E(\bf{A} \bf{u}_t \bf{u}_t’ \bf{A}’) \\
&= \bf{A} E(\bf{u}_t \bf{u}_t’) \bf{A}’ \\
&= \bf{A} \bf{A}’
\end{align*}

Because we have estimated $$\boldsymbol{\hat \Sigma}$$, the problem is to construct $$\bf{\hat A}$$ from

\begin{align}
\boldsymbol{\hat \Sigma} =\bf{\hat A} \bf{\hat A}’ \label{cov} \tag{1}
\end{align}

Many $$\bf{A}$$ matrices satisfy (1). One way to narrow down the possible candidates is to assume that $$\bf{A}$$ is lower-triangular; then $$\bf{A}$$ can be found uniquely via a Cholesky decomposition of $$\bf{\Sigma}$$. This approach is so common that it is built into the var postestimation results and can be accessed directly.

The assumption that $$\bf{A}$$ is lower-triangular imposes an ordering on the variables in the VAR, and different orderings will produce different $$\bf{A}$$. The economic content of this ordering is that the shock to any one equation affects the variables later in the ordering contemporaneously but that each variable in the VAR is contemporaneously unaffected by the shocks to the equations above it. For this post, I will impose the ordering we have used so far: the equations are ordered inflation first, then unemployment, then the interest rate. The inflation shock is allowed to affect all three variables contemporaneously; the unemployment shock is allowed to affect the interest rate contemporaneously, but not inflation; and the interest rate shock comes “last” and does not affect either inflation or unemployment contemporaneously.

With $$\bf{A}$$ in hand, we can produce shocks that are uncorrelated across equations and trace out the effects of those shocks on the variables in the VAR. We can build the impulse–response functions with irf create, then graph the output with irf graph.

. quietly var inflation unrate ffr, lags(1/6) dfk small. irf create var1, step(20) set(myirf) replace(file myirf.irf now active)(file myirf.irf updated). irf graph oirf, impulse(inflation unrate ffr) response(inflation unrate ffr) > yline(0,lcolor(black)) xlabel(0(4)20) byopts(yrescale)

After running the VAR, irf create creates an .irf file that stores numerous results from the VAR that may be of interest in postestimation. The results of more than one VAR may be stored in a single .irf file, so we give the VAR a name, in this case var1. The set() option names the .irf file—in this case myirf.irf—and sets it as the “active” .irf file for the purposes of later postestimation commands. The step(20) option instructs irf create to generate certain statistics, such as forecasts, out to a horizon of 20 periods.

(Video) STATA를 활용한 시계열분석 - (44) VARX 모형(Vector Autoregressive with Exogenous Variables Model)

The irf graph command graphs some of the statistics stored in the .irf file. Of the many statistics in that file, we will be interested in the orthogonalized impulse–response function, so we specify oirf, hence, the command irf graph oirf. The impulse() and response() options specify which equations to shock and which variables to graph; we will shock all equations and graph all variables.

The impulse–response graphs are the following:

The impulse–response graph places one impulse in each row and one response variable in each column. The horizontal axis for each graph is in the units of time that your VAR is estimated in, in this case quarters; hence, the impulse–response graph shows the effect of a shock over a 20-quarter period. The vertical axis is in units of the variables in the VAR; in this case, everything is measured in percentage points, so the vertical units in all panels are percentage point changes.

The first row shows the effect of a one-standard-deviation impulse to the interest rate equation. The interest rate is persistent and remains elevated for about 12 periods (3 years) after the initial impulse. Inflation declines slightly after eight quarters, but the response is not statistically significant at any horizon. The unemployment rate rises slowly for about 12 periods, peaking at a 0.2 perentage point increase, before declining.

The second row shows the impact of a shock to the inflation equation. An unexpected increase in inflation is associated with a highly persistent increase in the unemployment rate and the interest rate. Both the interest rate and unemployment rate remain elevated even five years after the impulse to inflation.

Finally, the third row shows the impact to a shock to the unemployment equation. An impulse to the unemployment rate causes inflation to decline by about one half of one percentage point over the following year. The interest rate responds strongly to the unemployment shock, falling by nearly one percentage point over the year following the shock.

Both the VAR and the ordering used here are illustrative. All the inferences are conditional on the $$\bf{A}$$ matrix, that is, the ordering of the variables in the VAR. Different orderings will produce different $$\bf{A}$$ matrices, which in turn will produce different impulse responses. In addition, there are identification strategies that go beyond simply ordering the equations; I will discuss those methods in a later post.

Conclusion

(Video) (Stata13): VAR Estimation and Discussions #var #Johansen #lags #serialcorrelation #normality

In this post, I estimated a VAR model and discussed two common postestimation statistics: Granger causality tests and impulse–response functions. In my next post, I will go deeper into the impulse response function and describe alternative identification strategies for performing structural inference in a VAR.

## FAQs

### What is vector autoregression used for? ›

Vector autoregression (VAR) is a statistical model used to capture the relationship between multiple quantities as they change over time. VAR is a type of stochastic process model. VAR models generalize the single-variable (univariate) autoregressive model by allowing for multivariate time series.

### What is VAR in Stata? ›

A VAR is a model in which K variables are specified as linear functions of p of their own lags, p lags of the other K − 1 variables, and possibly exogenous variables. A VAR with p lags is usually denoted a VAR(p). For more information, see [TS] var intro.

### What is the difference between VAR and SVAR? ›

VAR models explain the endogenous variables solely by their own history, apart from deterministic regressors. In contrast, structural vector autoregressive models (henceforth: SVAR) allow the explicit modeling of contemporaneous interdependence between the left-hand side variables.

### What is VAR model in time series? ›

The vector autoregressive (VAR) model is a workhouse multivariate time series model that relates current observations of a variable with past observations of itself and past observations of other variables in the system.

### When should I use VAR model? ›

The VAR model has proven to be especially useful for describing the dynamic behavior of economic and financial time series and for forecasting. It often provides superior forecasts to those from univari- ate time series models and elaborate theory-based simultaneous equations models.

### What is the difference between VAR and AR? ›

VAR (vector autoregression) is a generalization of AR (autoregressive model) for multiple time series, identifying the linear relationship between them. The AR can be seen as a particular case of VAR for only one serie.

### How do you make a VAR model? ›

The procedure to build a VAR model involves the following steps:
1. Analyze the time series characteristics.
2. Test for causation amongst the time series.
3. Test for stationarity.
4. Transform the series to make it stationary, if needed.
5. Find optimal order (p)
6. Prepare training and test datasets.
7. Train the model.
7 Jul 2019

### What is a panel VAR? ›

Panel VARs have the same structure as VAR models, in the sense that all variables are. assumed to be endogenous and interdependent, but a cross sectional dimension is added. to the representation.

### What is Varsoc Stata? ›

The varsoc command computes these statistics over a range of lags p while maintaining a common sample and option specification. varsoc can be used as a preestimation or a postestimation command. When it is used as a preestimation command, a depvarlist is required, and the default maximum lag is 4.

### What is SVAR used for? ›

Structural VAR (SVAR) models are used widely in business cycle analysis to estimate the output gap because they combine together a robust statistical framework with the ability of integrating alternative economic constraints.

### What is structural VAR model? ›

The structural vector autoregressive model is a crucial time series model used to understand and predict economic impacts and outcomes. In this blog, we look closely at the identification problem posed by structural vector autoregressive models and its solution.

### What is an SVAR? ›

SVAR is a model class that studies the evolution of a set of connected and observable time series variables, such as economic data or asset prices…SVAR assumes that all variables depend in fixed proportion on past values of the set and new structural shocks.

### What is the difference between VAR and Arima? ›

So, we can conclude that VAR model is more efficient than ARIMA model. In forecasting the price of Others, it has been found that in ARIMA model the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is 20.898% and in VAR model the MAPE is 49.698%. So, we can conclude that ARIMA model is more efficient than VAR model.

### Is VAR model multivariate? ›

VAR models (vector autoregressive models) are used for multivariate time series. The structure is that each variable is a linear function of past lags of itself and past lags of the other variables.

### Who developed VAR model? ›

Two decades ago, Christopher Sims (1980) provided a new macroeconometric framework that held great promise: vector autoregressions (VARs).

### What is a stable VAR? ›

A stable VAR(p ) model can be inverted and written as an infinite-order vector moving average model. The parameters in the VAR model can be estimated with OLS, using an equation-by-equation method.

### Should I use VAR or Vecm? ›

Re: When to use VAR/VECM

You should use VECM if 1) your variables are nonstationary and 2) you find a common trend between the variables (cointegration).

### How do you interpret a variable? ›

It is defined as the maximum dollar amount expected to be lost over a given time horizon, at a pre-defined confidence level. For example, if the 95% one-month VAR is $1 million, there is 95% confidence that over the next month the portfolio will not lose more than$1 million.

### Which is better AR or VR? ›

AR uses a real-world setting while VR is completely virtual. AR users can control their presence in the real world; VR users are controlled by the system. VR requires a headset device, but AR can be accessed with a smartphone. AR enhances both the virtual and real world while VR only enhances a fictional reality.

### What is restricted VAR? ›

• An unrestricted VAR includes all variables in each. equation. • A restricted VAR might include some variables in. one equation, other variables in another.

### What is VR and AR? ›

VR creates an immersive virtual environment, while AR augments a real-world scene. VR is 75 percent virtual, while AR is only 25 percent virtual. VR requires a headset device, while AR does not. VR users move in a completely fictional world, while AR users are in contact with the real world.

### What is vector error correction model? ›

Vector Error Correction Model is a cointegrated VAR model. This idea of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which consists of a VAR model of the order p - 1 on the differences of the variables, and an error-correction term derived from the known (estimated) cointegrating relationship.

### What is Arma used for? ›

ARMA is a model of forecasting in which the methods of autoregression (AR) analysis and moving average (MA) are both applied to time-series data that is well behaved. In ARMA it is assumed that the time series is stationary and when it fluctuates, it does so uniformly around a particular time.

### What is a BVAR model? ›

The Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model introduces the statistical properties of variables as the prior distribution of the parameters into the traditional vector autoregressive (VAR) model, which can overcome the problem of too little freedom.

### What is a panel data set? ›

Panel data (also known as longitudinal or cross- sectional time-series data) is a dataset in which the behavior of entities are observed across time. These entities could be states, companies, individuals, countries, etc.

### What are interactive fixed effects? ›

In Bai (2009) a type of factor model called interactive fixed effects (IFE) is introduced for modelling panel data. This framework is a generalization of the standard fixed effects model by allowing for individual-specific effects of time-dependent shocks.

### What is AIC and SIC? ›

Information Criteria are used to compare and choose among different models with the same dependent variable. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz or Bayesian Information Criterion (SIC or BIC) are most commonly used for model selection. These criteria measure how well the models fit the given data.

### How do you measure lag length? ›

(EViews10):Determine Optimal Lag Selection #lags #lagselection #aic ...

### What is Vecrank Stata? ›

Description. vecrank produces statistics used to determine the number of cointegrating equations in a vector error-correction model (VECM).

### What are structural Vars? ›

The structural VAR is a variation of the unrestricted VAR model which is a way to forecast multiple variables in a system.

### What is a VaR analysis? ›

Value at risk (VaR) is a statistic that quantifies the extent of possible financial losses within a firm, portfolio, or position over a specific time frame.

### What does AR 1 mean? ›

An AR(1) autoregressive process is one in which the current value is based on the immediately preceding value, while an AR(2) process is one in which the current value is based on the previous two values.

### How do I pass svar? ›

Tips:
1. Do not keep the microphone close as the breathing sound might be picked up and might lessen the score.
2. Read casually. Do not become nervous or highly conscious of the pronunciation. This might lead to stammering.
3. Before the exam, make sure you practice reading a few sentences to check your pronunciation.
6 Mar 2020

### How long is the SVAR test? ›

Available in multiple variants, SVAR's most popular variant is a 16 minute evaluation designed to assess the correctness and accuracy of the candidate's spoken English.

### How can I prepare for svar exam? ›

AMCAT | SVAR Test | Mock Test with questions and answers - YouTube

### What is the main limitation of the autoregression technique? ›

Standard autoregressive language models perform only polynomial-time computation to compute the probability of the next symbol. While this is attractive, it means they cannot model distributions whose next-symbol probability is hard to compute.

### What is a vector error correction model? ›

Vector Error Correction Model is a cointegrated VAR model. This idea of Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), which consists of a VAR model of the order p - 1 on the differences of the variables, and an error-correction term derived from the known (estimated) cointegrating relationship.

### What is a structural VAR? ›

The structural VAR is a variation of the unrestricted VAR model which is a way to forecast multiple variables in a system.

### What is the difference between autocorrelation and autoregression? ›

As you have already seen, an autoregression model predicts the current value based on past values. That means that the model assumes that the past values of the time series are affecting its current value. This is called the autocorrelation. In other words, autocorrelation is nothing but a correlation coefficient.

### What is the difference between autoregressive and moving average? ›

This means that the moving average(MA) model does not uses the past forecasts to predict the future values whereas it uses the errors from the past forecasts. While, the autoregressive model(AR) uses the past forecasts to predict future values.

### What is autoregression? ›

Autoregression is a time series model that uses observations from previous time steps as input to a regression equation to predict the value at the next time step. It is a very simple idea that can result in accurate forecasts on a range of time series problems.

### What is the difference between VAR and VEC model? ›

Stock price modeling in this research is using multivariate time series analysis that is VAR (Vector Autoregressive) and VECM (Vector Error Correction Modeling). VAR and VECM models not only predict more than one variable but also can see the interrelations between variables with each other.

### How can I improve my VAR model? ›

The procedure to build a VAR model involves the following steps:
1. Analyze the time series characteristics.
2. Test for causation amongst the time series.
3. Test for stationarity.
4. Transform the series to make it stationary, if needed.
5. Find optimal order (p)
6. Prepare training and test datasets.
7. Train the model.
7 Jul 2019

### Why do we use error correction model? ›

An error correction model (ECM) belongs to a category of multiple time series models most commonly used for data where the underlying variables have a long-run common stochastic trend, also known as cointegration.

### What is a VAR analysis? ›

Value at risk (VaR) is a statistic that quantifies the extent of possible financial losses within a firm, portfolio, or position over a specific time frame.

### What is the difference between VAR and Arima? ›

So, we can conclude that VAR model is more efficient than ARIMA model. In forecasting the price of Others, it has been found that in ARIMA model the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) is 20.898% and in VAR model the MAPE is 49.698%. So, we can conclude that ARIMA model is more efficient than VAR model.

### Who developed VAR model? ›

Two decades ago, Christopher Sims (1980) provided a new macroeconometric framework that held great promise: vector autoregressions (VARs).

## Videos

1. (Stata13): How to Perform Johansen Cointegration Test #var #vecm #Johansen #cointegration
(CrunchEconometrix)
2. Vector Auto Regression VAR dengan STATA dan EViews, Part 1
(STATKOMAT)
3. STATA를 활용한 시계열분석 - (25) 벡터오차수정모형(VEC)(Vector Error Correction Model)
(통계파랑)
4. STATA를 활용한 고급통계 - (22) 패널 벡터자기회귀모형(PVAR)(Panel Vector Autoregressive Model)
(통계파랑)
5. Vector Autoregressive dengan EViews, STATA, STATCAL, Part 1
(STATKOMAT)
6. STATA를 활용한 시계열분석 - (45) 구조적 벡터자기회귀모형(SVAR)(Structural Vector Autoregressive Model)
(통계파랑)

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